Female circumcision also known by the terms clitoridectomy, female genital mutilation, and FGM, is widely practiced in Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, as well as Central and South America. The first known documentation of clitoridectomy was four thousand years ago in ancient civilizations in Egypt and Sudan. The practice successfully “survived the spread of Christianity to the ruling of the Nile kingdoms in Sudan in the sixth century. Waves of Arab migration, intermarriage with …showed first 75 words of 745 total…

…showed last 75 words of 745 total…interest with respect to [their] income.” Another key focus of interest should be a “ women’s movement oriented toward the basic social problems affecting young women, particularly their economic dependency, educational disadvantages, and obstacles to employment.” Clearly, a campaign that combined a women’s movement and policy making with changes in the roles of midwives would be most effective way to attempt to abolish this real horror that affects many women daily even in America.